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Buddhist concepts as implicitly reducing prejudice and increasing prosociality.

Magali Clobert1, Vassilis Saroglou2, Kwang-Kuo Hwang3

  • 1Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research, Brussels, Belgium mclobert@stanford.edu.

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Buddhist concepts promote tolerance and prosociality, reducing prejudice against outgroups. This challenges the view that religion only fosters ingroup bias, especially for those open to new ideas.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cross-Cultural Psychology
  • Religious Studies

Background:

  • Traditional research suggests religions promote ingroup prosociality and outgroup prejudice.
  • This perspective, often based on monotheistic contexts, may lack cross-cultural applicability.
  • Buddhist concepts might uniquely influence prosociality and tolerance differently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether Buddhist concepts, compared to Christian or neutral concepts, foster tolerance and prosociality.
  • To examine the cross-cultural impact of Buddhist concepts on prejudice and outgroup attitudes.
  • To test the hypothesis that Buddhist concepts activate extended prosociality and tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Subliminal priming experiments were conducted with Western Buddhists, Westerners of Christian background, and Taiwanese individuals.
  • Participants were exposed to Buddhist, Christian, or neutral concepts.
  • Measures included explicit prejudice, implicit prejudice, and spontaneous prosociality, with compassion and tolerance of contradiction as mediators.

Main Results:

  • Priming Buddhist concepts decreased explicit prejudice against ethnic, ideological, and moral outgroups among Western Buddhists.
  • Buddhist concepts increased spontaneous prosociality and decreased implicit prejudice in Westerners and Taiwanese.
  • Effects were moderated by universalism, authoritarianism, and openness, with compassion and tolerance mediating some outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Buddhist concepts uniquely promote extended prosociality and tolerance of outgroups, challenging monotheistic-centric models of religion's social effects.
  • The findings highlight the need for cross-cultural sensitivity in understanding religion's influence on social attitudes.
  • Socio-cognitive and moral openness are key factors in experiencing the prosocial and tolerance-enhancing effects of Buddhist concepts.