Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.8K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.8K
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

116
The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
116
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

21.1K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
21.1K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

24.0K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
24.0K
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

95
A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
95
Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

6.8K
The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
6.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Moon phases influence encounters of anurans in the Brazilian semi-arid region of Piauí.

Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia·2026
Same author

Centrality and universality in scale-free networks.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Maximum entropy models of neuronal populations at and off criticality.

ArXiv·2025
Same author

A national evaluation of the implementation of guideline recommendations towards antibiotic prophylaxis prior to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy tube placement.

Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society·2025
Same author

Adherence and acceptance of a new oral nutritional supplement in cancer patients - a pilot study in crossover design.

Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society·2024
Same author

Thermodynamic analog of integrate-and-fire neuronal networks by maximum entropy modelling.

Scientific reports·2024
Same journal

Tension on dsDNA bound to ssDNA-RecA filaments may play an important role in driving efficient and accurate homology recognition and strand exchange.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Amplitude-phase coupling drives chimera states in globally coupled laser networks [Phys. Rev. E 91, 040901(R) (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Erratum: Shapes of sedimenting soft elastic capsules in a viscous fluid [Phys. Rev. E 92, 033003 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Erratum: Attenuation of excitation decay rate due to collective effect [Phys. Rev. E 90, 022142 (2014)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Role of connectivity and fluctuations in the nucleation of calcium waves in cardiac cells [Phys. Rev. E 92, 052715 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Lattice Boltzmann approach for complex nonequilibrium flows [Phys. Rev. E 92, 043308 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
11:38

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

Published on: April 19, 2018

8.6K

Fragmentation processes in two-phase materials.

H A Carmona1, A V Guimarães1, J S Andrade1

  • 1Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|February 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid material fragmentation is driven by tensile stress, leading to cracks that cause breakage. This process is robust, with crystalline materials fragmenting more easily than amorphous ones.

More Related Videos

Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
10:18

Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Published on: May 17, 2022

7.1K
A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation
09:12

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

Published on: June 28, 2015

9.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
11:38

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

Published on: April 19, 2018

8.6K
Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
10:18

Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Published on: May 17, 2022

7.1K
A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation
09:12

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

Published on: June 28, 2015

9.0K

Area of Science:

  • Solid mechanics
  • Materials science
  • Computational physics

Background:

  • Understanding material fragmentation is crucial for predicting failure in various engineering applications.
  • The role of internal structure (crystalline vs. amorphous) in fragmentation dynamics requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fragmentation process of solid materials with crystalline and amorphous phases.
  • To elucidate the primary fragmentation mechanism and its dependence on material structure and collision energy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the discrete element method (DEM) for numerical simulations.
  • Analyzing crack initiation, propagation, and sample fragmentation under impact conditions.

Main Results:

  • Damage initiates in tensile circumferential stress regions, forming meridional cracks.
  • A critical collision energy determines fragmentation, with crystalline samples requiring less energy.
  • Fragment mass distribution follows a power law, characteristic of unstable crack branching.

Conclusions:

  • The primary fragmentation mechanism is robust across different material microstructures.
  • Material microstructure influences the critical energy for fragmentation but not the fragment size distribution exponent.
  • The study provides insights into the physics of material failure and fragmentation.