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Quantitative Locomotion Study of Freely Swimming Micro-organisms Using Laser Diffraction
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Individual behavior and pairwise interactions between microswimmers in anisotropic liquid.

Andrey Sokolov1, Shuang Zhou2, Oleg D Lavrentovich2

  • 1Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|February 14, 2015
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Bacteria swimming in anisotropic liquid crystals exhibit unique flow patterns and can transport cargo along specific trajectories. Their speed is comparable to that in water, with interactions potentially driven by viscoelastic forces.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Motile bacteria generate fluid flow for locomotion.
  • The properties of the surrounding fluid, such as anisotropy, significantly influence bacterial swimming dynamics and collective behaviors.
  • Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCCs) present a unique anisotropic environment for studying microbial hydrodynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the swimming behavior and flow signatures of bacteria in anisotropic liquid crystals.
  • To understand how viscosity anisotropy affects bacterial motility and cargo transport.
  • To explore the nature of interactions between swimming bacteria in LCCs.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic observation of bacterial swimming in LCCs.
  • Flow field analysis around individual bacteria.
  • Tracking of fluorescent particle cargo transport.
  • Investigation of flagellar dynamics and inter-bacterial interactions.

Main Results:

  • Bacteria-induced flow localizes along the bacterial body axis due to LCC viscosity anisotropy.
  • Bacterial swimming speeds in LCCs are comparable to those in water, despite higher average viscosity.
  • Bacteria can be guided to transport cargo along the liquid crystal's molecular orientation.
  • Hydrodynamic interactions between flagella are negligible, suggesting viscoelastic interactions mediate speed and phase velocity convergence.

Conclusions:

  • Anisotropic fluids like LCCs profoundly alter bacterial hydrodynamics.
  • Bacteria exhibit remarkable adaptability in motility and cargo transport in complex fluid environments.
  • Viscoelastic interactions, rather than hydrodynamic ones, likely govern the collective behavior of bacteria in LCCs.