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Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal gas, the molar heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas in terms of d is
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When an object is in equilibrium, it is either at rest or moving with a constant velocity. There are two types of equilibrium: static and dynamic. Static equilibrium occurs when an object is at rest, while dynamic equilibrium occurs when an object is moving with a constant velocity. In both cases, there must be a balance of forces acting on the object.
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Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
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The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
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For an ideal liquid solution, the standard state of each component is defined as the pure liquid at the temperature and pressure of the solution. Similarly, for solid solutions, the standard state is the pure solid. The chemical potentials of the components in the ideal solution are compared to the chemical potentials of the pure substances in their standard states. These standard states provide a reference point for calculating the thermodynamic properties of ideal solutions.For ideal...
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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Accurate thermochemistry from explicitly correlated distinguishable cluster approximation.

Daniel Kats1, David Kreplin1, Hans-Joachim Werner1

  • 1Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|February 16, 2015
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Summary

A new explicitly correlated distinguishable-cluster approximation improves accuracy for electronic structure calculations. This method offers significant gains over traditional coupled-cluster theory for various systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum chemistry
  • Computational chemistry
  • Electronic structure theory

Background:

  • The distinguishable-cluster approximation is a powerful tool for electronic structure calculations.
  • Explicitly correlated methods, like F12-type approaches, incorporate interelectronic distances to improve convergence.
  • Coupled-cluster theory with singles and doubles (CCSD) is a standard but computationally demanding method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and benchmark an explicitly correlated version of the distinguishable-cluster approximation.
  • To assess the performance of this new method for closed and open-shell systems.
  • To evaluate its applicability to systems with single- and multireference character.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of F12-type explicitly correlated techniques within the distinguishable-cluster framework.
  • Benchmarking against coupled-cluster theory with singles and doubles (CCSD).
  • Application to systems exhibiting both single- and multireference electronic characteristics.

Main Results:

  • The explicitly correlated distinguishable-cluster approximation shows significant improvements over CCSD.
  • The method is applicable in a black-box manner across different electronic system types.
  • Obtained optimized geometries are comparable to or better than CCSD(T) (coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples) quality.

Conclusions:

  • Explicitly correlated distinguishable-cluster theory provides a robust and accurate approach for electronic structure.
  • This method offers a practical alternative to traditional coupled-cluster methods, especially for challenging systems.
  • The black-box nature and high accuracy make it suitable for broad applications in computational chemistry.