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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

97.9K
A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them...
97.9K
Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts.
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Introduction to Chemical Reactions01:23

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

14.7K
All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the...
14.7K
Chemical Equilibria: Redefining Equilibrium Constant01:20

Chemical Equilibria: Redefining Equilibrium Constant

1.5K
The effect of an inert salt on the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt is known as the salt effect. The degree of the salt effect varies with the ionic strength of the solution, which in turn depends on the activity of the species in the solution. The activity is expressed as the product of concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
To calculate the equilibrium constants of solutions of moderately high ionic strength, one must account for the salt effect. This redefined...
1.5K
Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

13.1K
An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...
13.1K
Chemistry of the Cell02:58

Chemistry of the Cell

50.6K
The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen bonding makes water a unique substance with special properties that are intimately tied to the processes of life. Life originally evolved in an aqueous environment, and most of an organism’s cellular chemistry and metabolism occur inside the aqueous contents of the cell’s cytoplasm. Special properties of water are its high heat capacity...
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Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling
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Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

Published on: November 11, 2008

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Reinventing chemistry.

George M Whitesides1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 (USA). gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemistry is shifting focus from individual molecules to complex systems. Future chemical research will emphasize controlling large molecular systems for advanced applications.

Keywords:
changechemistryscience

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Systems Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional chemistry focused on discrete molecules and reactions.
  • A paradigm shift is occurring towards understanding and manipulating molecular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the historical progression of chemical research.
  • To explore future directions in systems chemistry and molecular control.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of chemical research trends.
  • Conceptual exploration of future molecular manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Identified a transition from molecular-level to systems-level chemistry.
  • Projected the increasing importance of controlling complex molecular ensembles.

Conclusions:

  • The future of chemistry lies in the manipulation of systems of molecules.
  • Mastering systems chemistry is crucial for controlling larger, more complex chemical processes.