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Proctolin: a review with emphasis on insects.

I Orchard1, J H Belanger, A B Lange

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Neurobiology
|July 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Proctolin, a pentapeptide neuroregulator, is widespread in arthropods, modulating neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction. Its precise mode of action and receptor pharmacology require further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Insect Physiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Proctolin is a pentapeptide neuroregulator found extensively in arthropods.
  • Its presence in other phyla like molluscs, annelids, or chordates is not well-established.
  • In arthropods, proctolin functions as a neuromodulator and potentially a neurohormone, not a conventional neurotransmitter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distribution, physiological role, mode of action, and pharmacology of proctolin.
  • To highlight model proctolinergic systems in insects, such as locust oviduct and ovipositor.
  • To discuss the implications of proctolin's function as a cotransmitter.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on proctolin's distribution and function.
  • Examination of structure/activity relationships for the proctolin receptor.
  • Discussion of implicated second messenger systems (cAMP, phosphatidyl inositol, calcium).

Main Results:

  • Proctolin enhances neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction in model insect systems.
  • The exact mode of proctolin action is not fully elucidated, though second messengers are involved.
  • Structure/activity studies describe effects of amino acid modifications on proctolin's activity.

Conclusions:

  • Proctolin is a key neuromodulator in arthropods, particularly insects.
  • Further research is needed on proctolin's mechanism of action and receptor binding.
  • Proctolin serves as a valuable model for studying modulatory mechanisms in neuroscience.

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