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Replication studies found that most structural brain-behavior correlations did not hold up, highlighting issues with research practices. This suggests many findings linking brain structure to cognition may be unreliable.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Scientific methodology

Background:

  • A 'crisis of confidence' exists in empirical sciences due to questionable research practices (QRPs).
  • QRPs like optional stopping and selective publication can lead to false-positive findings, reducing research reliability and replicability.
  • Structural brain-behavior (SBB) correlations often gain significant attention but require scrutiny for replicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the crisis of confidence by investigating the replicability of SBB correlations.
  • To prevent the impact of QRPs by employing a preregistered, confirmatory replication approach.
  • To assess the reliability of 17 previously reported SBB effects across five studies.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a multi-study confirmatory replication of five SBB correlation studies.
  • Utilized a preregistered approach to mitigate the influence of QRPs.
  • Employed confirmatory Bayesian hypothesis tests to evaluate evidence for or against the null hypothesis.

Main Results:

  • Confirmatory Bayesian hypothesis tests favored the null hypothesis for 16 out of 17 effects.
  • Evidence against the original findings ranged from anecdotal (Bayes factor < 3) to strong (Bayes factor > 10).
  • Effect size estimates in the replication studies were often substantially smaller than in the original studies.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first multi-study confirmatory replication of SBB correlations.
  • Most investigated SBB correlations lack robust empirical support upon rigorous replication.
  • Encourages researchers to conduct and publish similar replication attempts to enhance scientific reliability.