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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
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Understanding Subgroup Fertility Differentials in Nigeria.

Blessing U Mberu1, Holly E Reed1

  • 1African Population and Health Research Centre (Mberu); CUNY Institute for Demographic Research and Department of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York (Reed).

Population Review
|February 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Nigeria

Area of Science:

  • Demography
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Nigeria faces high total fertility rate (TFR) despite projected economic growth.
  • Population momentum ensures continued growth through 2050.
  • Significant fertility differentials persist across various subgroups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the factors contributing to Nigeria's persistently high fertility.
  • To identify subgroups with elevated fertility rates.
  • To inform targeted interventions for fertility and poverty reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2003, 2008, and 2013.
  • Examination of fertility trends and differentials across social and geographical groups.
Keywords:
Nigeriademographic dividendethnicityfertility

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  • Statistical analysis to identify key correlates of high fertility.

    • Main Results:

    • While some fertility convergence is observed, significant differentials remain.
    • Elevated fertility is associated with specific ethnic groups (Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri), Northern regions, Muslim/traditionalist women, lower education, poverty, and early marriage/childbirth.
    • Opposition to family planning is a key factor.

    Conclusions:

    • Targeted interventions are crucial to sustain and accelerate fertility decline.
    • Addressing the needs of identified high-fertility subgroups is essential for Nigeria's demographic and economic future.
    • Integrated approaches combining fertility and poverty reduction strategies are recommended.