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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
412
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules
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Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

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Urinary schistosomiasis: review.

Rashad S Barsoum1

  • 1Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

Journal of Advanced Research
|February 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Urinary schistosomiasis presents diverse clinical issues based on the host

Area of Science:

  • Pathogenesis of infectious diseases
  • Immunology of parasitic infections
  • Urology and nephrology

Background:

  • Urinary schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma haematobium, manifests through distinct pathological pathways.
  • The host's immune response dictates the clinical presentation, broadly categorized into cell-mediated and immune-complex-mediated disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical manifestations of urinary schistosomiasis from a pathogenetic viewpoint.
  • To elucidate the link between host immune responses and disease outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on urinary schistosomiasis pathogenesis.
  • Categorization of disease manifestations based on immune response profiles (cell-mediated vs. immune-complex-mediated).
Keywords:
AmyloidosisBladder cancerGlomerulonephritisHepatitis CHepatosplenic schistosomiasisSalmonellosis

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  • Analysis of factors influencing disease severity, including chronicity, co-infections, and hepatic co-morbidity.

    • Main Results:

    • Cell-mediated disorders involve granuloma formation, fibrosis, strictures, and urodynamic abnormalities in the urinary tract.
    • Immune-complex-mediated lesions, associated with Schistosoma mansoni, lead to various patterns of glomerulonephritis.
    • Secondary complications include infections, stone formation, bladder malignancy, and amyloidosis.

    Conclusions:

    • The clinicopathological spectrum of urinary schistosomiasis is shaped by the host's immune response, infection chronicity, and co-infections.
    • Hepatic co-morbidity significantly influences the development and severity of glomerulonephritis in schistosomiasis.