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Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

754
Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer
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Simultaneous 2D strain sensing using polymer planar Bragg gratings.

Manuel Rosenberger1, Waltraud Eisenbeil2, Bernhard Schmauss3

  • 1Applied Laser and Photonics Group, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, Wuerzburger Strasse 45, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany. manuel.rosenberger@h-ab.de.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Polymer planar Bragg gratings offer advanced multi-axial strain sensing. This technology enables simultaneous 2D strain measurement for both tensile and compressive forces, enhancing structural monitoring capabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optical Engineering
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Strain sensing is crucial for structural health monitoring.
  • Existing methods may have limitations in multi-axial or simultaneous measurements.
  • Polymer planar Bragg gratings (PPBG) present a novel approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate PPBG for multi-axial strain sensing.
  • To highlight simultaneous 2D strain measurement capabilities.
  • To investigate the angular dependency of PPBG sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PPBG in bulk polymethylmethacrylate via a single writing step.
  • Testing PPBG for tensile and compressive strain at various angles.
  • Development of a 2D PPBG by inscribing two angularly displaced gratings.
  • Bonding 2D PPBG to a stainless steel plate for testing.

Main Results:

  • PPBG sensitivity is angle-dependent relative to the optical waveguide and applied load.
  • A 2D PPBG exhibits different sensitivities for its two reflected wavelengths under strain.
  • Simultaneous 2D strain measurement was successfully demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • PPBG are effective for measuring tensile and compressive strain.
  • The angular dependency allows for tailored sensor design.
  • 2D PPBG are suitable for complex multi-axial strain analysis.