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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
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Set-shifting as a component process of goal-directed problem-solving.

Richard P Cooper1, Verity Marsh2

  • 1Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK. R.Cooper@bbk.ac.uk.

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|February 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Set-shifting tasks interfere most with Tower of London problem-solving, contrary to expectations. This finding suggests that flexible subgoal shifting is crucial for complex problem-solving and is hindered by concurrent set-shifting demands.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Executive functions are critical for complex problem-solving.
  • The Tower of London task assesses planning and problem-solving abilities.
  • Previous research suggested response inhibition or memory tasks would cause the most interference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate which executive function, when performed as a secondary task, causes the most interference with Tower of London performance.
  • To compare interference from set-shifting, memory monitoring/updating, and response inhibition tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted comparing secondary task interference.
  • Participants performed the Tower of London task concurrently with one of three secondary tasks targeting different executive functions.
  • Interference was measured by performance decrements on the Tower of London task.

Main Results:

  • The set-shifting task caused significantly more interference on Tower of London performance than memory or response inhibition tasks in both experiments.
  • Interference levels were not attributable to differences in secondary task difficulty.
  • Contrary to predictions based on individual differences, set-shifting tasks were most disruptive.

Conclusions:

  • Concurrent set-shifting demands significantly impair complex problem-solving, such as the Tower of London task.
  • Problem-solving with non-transparent goal structures may rely heavily on flexible subgoal shifting, which is disrupted by secondary set-shifting tasks.
  • The findings challenge previous assumptions about the primary sources of executive function interference in planning tasks.