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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears

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The Eisenmenger malformation: a morphologic study.

Angelo Restivo¹, Cira R T di Gioia¹, Robert H Anderson²

¹1Department of Radiology,Oncology and Pathological Anatomy,Museum of Pathological Anatomy,Sapienza University of Rome,Rome,Italy.

Cardiology in the Young

|February 18, 2015

Summary

Eisenmenger defects exhibit significant individual anatomical variations in the subpulmonary infundibulum, muscular outlet septum, and aortic valve overriding. These findings highlight the diverse phenotypic expressions of this complex congenital heart condition.

Keywords:

Aortic overriding aortic rightward rotation medial papillary muscle outlet septum septomarginal trabeculation

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Pathology
Congenital Heart Disease Anatomy
Morphometrics

Background:

Eisenmenger malformation is a complex congenital heart defect.
Understanding its anatomical variations is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the specific anatomical and morphometric features of hearts with Eisenmenger defects.
To compare these features with control groups.

Main Methods:

Autopsied hearts (11 Eisenmenger, 11 intact, 9 VSD without overriding) were studied.
Morphometric analysis of the subpulmonary infundibulum, muscular outlet septum, and aortic valve overriding was performed.

Main Results:

Variable lengths of the subpulmonary infundibulum and muscular outlet septum were observed in Eisenmenger defects.
Aortic valve overriding showed a spectrum from mild to severe, correlating with defect severity.
Most Eisenmenger hearts had concordant ventriculo-arterial connections, but two showed double-outlet right ventricle.

Conclusions:

Hearts with Eisenmenger defects display marked individual variations in their phenotypic anatomy.
These variations impact the morphology of the outflow tracts and valve relationships.
Detailed anatomical assessment is essential for characterizing Eisenmenger malformation.