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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Shifting sugars and shifting paradigms.

Mark L Siegal1

  • 1Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America.

Plos Biology
|February 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Microbial populations exhibit diverse responses to changing environments, moving beyond simple rule-following. Recent studies reveal that microbes can anticipate predictable changes and adapt to unpredictable ones.

Area of Science:

  • Microbial physiology and evolutionary adaptation.
  • Environmental microbiology and population dynamics.

Background:

  • Classical molecular biology viewed microbial metabolic shifts as strictly regulated responses to environmental cues.
  • The bacterium Escherichia coli's lactose metabolism served as a model for this deterministic view.
  • This perspective suggested microbes only activate specific metabolic pathways when necessary substrates are present and preferred ones absent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the heterogeneity of microbial responses to environmental changes.
  • To challenge the classical, deterministic view of microbial metabolic regulation.
  • To explore whether microbial populations anticipate or hedge against environmental fluctuations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of sugar utilization in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae across multiple studies.

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  • Comparative examination of recent findings with classical molecular biology principles.
  • Integration of results from various organisms to identify broader patterns.

    • Main Results:

    • Recent studies, particularly on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, demonstrate significant heterogeneity in metabolic responses within and between microbial populations.
    • Microbial populations show evidence of anticipating predictable environmental shifts.
    • Evidence suggests microbial populations also employ strategies to hedge against unpredictable environmental changes.

    Conclusions:

    • The classical view of microbial adaptation is a specific instance, not a universal rule.
    • Microbial populations display sophisticated adaptive strategies beyond simple environmental triggers.
    • Organisms exhibit a range of evolutionary adaptations to fluctuating environments.