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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Classic theories highlight expectations in intentional attention and action control.
  • Recent research suggests implicit, experience-dependent adjustments are key to cognitive control.
  • The interplay between explicit expectations and experience in cognitive control remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of explicit expectations in cognitive control, independent of prior experience.
  • To differentiate the contributions of expectation versus experience to cognitive control mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel precued lists paradigm with abbreviated Stroop trials.
  • Manipulated precues to create expectations for lists of varying proportion congruency (mostly congruent [MC] vs. mostly incongruent [MI]).
  • Assessed the Stroop effect under cued and uncued conditions, with and without preparation encouragement (speed, incentives).

Main Results:

  • The Stroop effect was larger in cued MC lists compared to uncued MC lists, indicating expectation-driven relaxation of control.
  • No difference in the Stroop effect was observed between cued and uncued MI lists.
  • Heightened control (reduced Stroop effect on the first trial) emerged only when expecting MI lists with preparation encouragement.

Conclusions:

  • Explicit expectations contribute to the relaxation of cognitive control, separate from experience.
  • Experience is the primary driver for sustained cognitive control, particularly in heightening control.
  • Findings dissociate the distinct roles of expectation and experience in shaping cognitive control.