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The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
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Not taking the easy road: When similarity hurts learning.

Hee Seung Lee1, Shawn Betts, John R Anderson

  • 1Department of Education, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea, hslee00@yonsei.ac.kr.

Memory & Cognition
|February 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Annotated examples improve mathematical problem-solving by aiding rule induction. However, example similarity

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Understanding how learners acquire problem-solving skills is crucial for effective instruction.
  • The role of example format and similarity in learning mathematical procedures requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of annotated versus non-annotated examples on mathematical problem-solving.
  • To examine how example similarity influences learning and transfer in different contextual settings.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using different learning contexts.
  • Participants solved mathematical problems with either annotated or non-annotated examples.
  • Example similarity was manipulated, and presentation format (simultaneous vs. sequential) varied.

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Main Results:

  • Annotated examples led to greater success in rule induction compared to non-annotated examples.
  • In a simultaneous presentation, similar examples hindered learning due to superficial analogies, while dissimilar examples facilitated it.
  • This similarity effect diminished in a sequential presentation where direct comparison was not supported.

Conclusions:

  • Learning is enhanced when comparison supports relational mapping for schema acquisition.
  • The effectiveness of comparison in learning and transfer is context-dependent, not universally beneficial.
  • Instructional design should consider how examples facilitate deep understanding rather than superficial similarity.