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Design and Analysis for Fall Detection System Simplification
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Lost by Design.

Luca Ciacci1, Barbara K Reck1, N T Nassar1

  • 1Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|February 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metals are lost in products by design, either through intentional use or unrecyclable applications. This study quantifies these "losses by design" for 56 metals, revealing significant unsustainability in material use.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Metallurgy

Background:

  • Metals are intentionally used in applications leading to their loss (e.g., copper in brake pads, zinc in tires).
  • Certain metals are incorporated into products with no current viable recycling methods (e.g., selenium in glass, vanadium in pigments).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess the scope of "losses by design" for 56 metals and metalloids.
  • To categorize major metal uses based on dissipation, recyclability, or unrecyclability at end-of-life.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed major uses of 56 metals and metalloids.
  • Categorized each use into in-use dissipation, currently unrecyclable when discarded, or potentially recyclable when discarded.
  • Analyzed dissipation rates and potential recyclability.

Main Results:

  • In-use dissipation affects fewer than a dozen elements, but expands significantly when considering currently unrecyclable applications.
  • Dissipation rates exceeding 50% are common for many elements, including specialty metals and rare earth elements.
  • Even potentially recyclable metals have end-of-life recycling rates far below achievable potential.

Conclusions:

  • The contemporary use of materials and products demonstrates significant unsustainability due to metal losses.
  • Product design must evolve to minimize material losses and enhance element recovery at end-of-life.
  • Understanding "losses by design" is crucial for developing sustainable material management strategies.