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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation.

Jesse R Dixon1, Inkyung Jung2, Siddarth Selvaraj3

  • 11] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0653, USA [2] Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.

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|February 20, 2015
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Summary

Chromatin reorganization significantly alters gene expression during human cell development. This study maps genome-wide chromatin interactions, revealing dynamic changes that control gene regulation in different cell lineages.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Higher-order chromatin structure is a key regulator of gene expression.
  • The dynamics of chromatin during mammalian development and lineage specification are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map genome-wide chromatin interactions in human embryonic stem cells and their derived lineages.
  • To investigate chromatin reorganization during lineage specification and its impact on gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide chromatin interaction mapping (Hi-C).
  • Integration of chromatin interaction maps with haplotype-resolved epigenome and transcriptome data.
  • Analysis of chromatin dynamics during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into four distinct lineages.

Main Results:

  • Extensive chromatin reorganization occurs during human cell lineage specification.
  • While self-associating chromatin domains remain stable, interactions within and between domains change significantly.
  • These changes affect 36% of active and inactive chromosomal compartments genome-wide.
  • Widespread allelic bias in gene expression is correlated with allele-biased chromatin states of linked regulatory elements.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin dynamics play a crucial role in regulating gene expression during mammalian development.
  • This study provides a comprehensive resource for understanding long-range gene control in human cell lineages.
  • The findings highlight the dynamic nature of chromatin architecture in cell fate decisions.