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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

129
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks MOFs
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Heterogeneous catalysis.

Robert Schlögl1

  • 1Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de http://www.cec.mpg.de; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr (Germany). acsek@fhi-berlin.mpg.de.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heterogeneous catalysts are dynamic materials that generate active sites during reactions. These sites accelerate chemical reactions without altering the overall thermodynamic equilibrium.

Keywords:
heterogeneous catalysisreaction kineticssurface chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Heterogeneous catalysts are crucial in industrial chemical processes.
  • Understanding catalyst behavior under reaction conditions is essential for optimizing efficiency.
  • Catalyst activity is linked to the dynamic nature of active sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the dynamic nature of active sites in heterogeneous catalysts.
  • To explain how these active sites influence reaction rates.
  • To clarify the relationship between active sites and thermodynamic equilibrium.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the conceptual understanding of heterogeneous catalysis.
  • It analyzes the interaction between reactants and catalyst surfaces.
  • Theoretical principles of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics are applied.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneous catalysts continuously generate active sites from reactants.
  • These active sites are localized on the catalyst surface.
  • Reaction rates are modulated by these dynamic active sites.

Conclusions:

  • Heterogeneous catalysts are not static but evolve with reaction conditions.
  • The formation of active sites is a key characteristic of these functional materials.
  • Catalyst performance can be understood through the dynamic creation and function of active sites.