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Life Histories

Life Histories

Limits to Natural Selection

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.

Cancer

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

pH

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. Therefore, a pH scale was developed to convert moles of hydronium ions into the negative logarithm of the hydronium...

Conditions on Early Earth

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

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The α2,3-selective potentiators of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors, KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, produce anxiolytic-like effects and block chemotherapy-induced hyperalgesia in mice without tolerance development.

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior·2020

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R-(-)-ketamine modifies behavioral effects of morphine predicting efficacy as a novel therapy for opioid use disorder<sup>1</sup>.

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior·2020

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The α2,3-selective potentiator of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors, KRM-II-81, reduces nociceptive-associated behaviors induced by formalin and spinal nerve ligation in rats.

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior·2019

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Bioisosteres of ethyl 8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo [1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxylate (HZ-166) as novel alpha 2,3 selective potentiators of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors: Improved bioavailability enhances anticonvulsant efficacy.

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An antidepressant-related pharmacological signature for positive allosteric modulators of α2/3-containing GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors.

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior·2018

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Further evaluation of the potential anxiolytic activity of imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin agents selective for α2/3-containing GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors.

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior·2017

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Lipidomics and Transcriptomics in Neurological Diseases

Lipidomics and Transcriptomics in Neurological Diseases

Published on: March 18, 2022

Obituary: J. David LEander, Ph.D. : (April 8, 1944-November 14, 2014)

J M Witkin¹, S D Gleason, R B Carter

¹Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285-0501, USA, jwitkin@lilly.com.

Psychopharmacology

|February 21, 2015

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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