Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

4.0K
Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
4.0K
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

11.1K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
11.1K
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

3.0K
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
3.0K
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

69.8K
Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
69.8K
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

7.2K
7.2K
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

3.5K
The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
3.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluating quality of novel alternative protein sources (microbial and insect proteins) using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion model.

Food chemistry·2025
Same author

Influence of genetic diversity and environmental factors on protein composition and anti-nutrient components in faba bean.

Critical reviews in food science and nutrition·2025
Same author

Mathematical modelling of carbohydrate and protein metabolism in muscle.

Mathematical biosciences·2025
Same author

Is There a Specific Role for Fungal Protein Within Food Based Dietary Guidelines? A Roundtable Discussion.

Nutrition bulletin·2025
Same author

Activation of Gs signaling in mouse enteroendocrine K cells greatly improves obesity- and diabetes-related metabolic deficits.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2024
Same author

Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of enteroendocrine cells along the murine gastrointestinal tract.

PloS one·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
09:04

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

Published on: March 15, 2016

10.3K

Neuroendocrine Role for VGF.

Jo E Lewis1, John M Brameld2, Preeti H Jethwa2

  • 1Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School , Nottingham , UK.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|February 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The VGF gene produces peptides involved in neuroendocrine functions. These peptides, found widely in the brain and peripheral tissues, are crucial for regulating energy metabolism, pain, reproduction, and cognition, making VGF a potential therapeutic target.

Keywords:
VGFcognitionenergy homeostasispainreproduction

More Related Videos

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents
08:39

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents

Published on: May 16, 2022

3.2K
In Vitro Model of Coronary Angiogenesis
08:03

In Vitro Model of Coronary Angiogenesis

Published on: March 10, 2020

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
09:04

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

Published on: March 15, 2016

10.3K
Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents
08:39

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents

Published on: May 16, 2022

3.2K
In Vitro Model of Coronary Angiogenesis
08:03

In Vitro Model of Coronary Angiogenesis

Published on: March 10, 2020

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The VGF gene is highly conserved and rapidly induced by growth factors like NGF.
  • It encodes a precursor polypeptide exclusively synthesized in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells.
  • This precursor undergoes processing into various bioactive peptides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neuroendocrine roles of VGF peptides.
  • To highlight the significance of VGF as a therapeutic target for specific disorders.
  • To underscore the involvement of VGF in energy metabolism, pain, reproduction, and cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on VGF gene and peptide expression and function.
  • Analysis of VGF peptide localization in the brain and peripheral tissues.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on VGF's association with neuroendocrine functions.

Main Results:

  • VGF peptides are widely expressed in the central nervous system (hypothalamus, hippocampus) and peripheral tissues (pituitary, adrenal glands, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract).
  • VGF peptides are implicated in diverse neuroendocrine functions.
  • The VGF system plays a role in regulating energy balance, pain perception, reproductive processes, and cognitive functions.

Conclusions:

  • VGF peptides are key players in multiple neuroendocrine pathways.
  • The VGF gene and its derived peptides represent a promising therapeutic avenue for metabolic, pain, reproductive, and cognitive disorders.
  • Further research into the VGF system could unlock novel treatment strategies.