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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Clostridium difficile infection: a Serbian single-center experience.

Milos Korac1, Ivana Milosevic, Marko Markovic

  • 1Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. milos.korac@med.bg.ac.rs.

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Summary

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) primarily affects elderly patients with existing health issues, often leading to hospital-acquired diarrhea. While complications are infrequent, prognosis depends on age and pre-existing conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea.
  • Severity is linked to advanced age and comorbidities, with a spectrum from mild symptoms to severe colitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalized patients.
  • To analyze patient demographics, clinical presentation, and disease prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • A six-year study (2008-2013) involving 510 patients diagnosed with CDI.
  • Diagnostic methods included rapid toxin tests, stool cultures, and endoscopic/histological analyses.

Main Results:

  • The average patient age was 67.7 years, with 67.8% over 65.
  • Pseudomembranous colitis occurred in 51.0% of cases; 8.4% experienced relapse.
  • Mortality was 6.3%, primarily due to comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • CDI is a significant cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in Serbia, predominantly affecting elderly patients with comorbidities.
  • Low complication rates and age-dependent prognosis are key findings.