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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

Radical Autoxidation

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Sensitizer-catalyst assemblies for water oxidation.

Lei Wang¹, Mohammad Mirmohades, Allison Brown

¹Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.

Inorganic Chemistry

|February 21, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New molecular assemblies link photosensitizers to catalysts for efficient water oxidation. These linked systems demonstrate enhanced photostability and high turnover numbers, advancing visible-light-driven catalysis.

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Published on: August 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Photochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Developing efficient photocatalytic systems for water oxidation is crucial for renewable energy.
Molecular assemblies offer potential for improved stability and activity compared to multi-component systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel molecular assemblies linking ruthenium(II)-polypyridine photosensitizers to ruthenium(II)(bda)L2 catalysts.
To evaluate the photocatalytic activity and stability of these linked systems for visible-light-driven water oxidation.

Main Methods:

Covalent linkage of photosensitizer and catalyst units via a C-C bond.
Photocatalytic water oxidation experiments using sodium persulfate as a sacrificial electron acceptor.
Time-resolved spectroscopy to investigate reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

Both linked assemblies exhibited high activity for water oxidation, with one system achieving a turnover number up to 200.
Linked photocatalysts demonstrated superior photostability compared to separate component systems.
Mechanism involves rapid quenching of the photosensitizer by the catalyst, primarily through energy transfer.

Conclusions:

Covalently linked photosensitizer-catalyst assemblies provide a robust platform for efficient visible-light-driven water oxidation.
Enhanced photostability is attributed to rapid photosensitizer regeneration, offering a pathway for improved catalytic systems.