Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

1.6K
Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
1.6K
Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

1.1K
Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
1.1K
Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

1.6K
Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
1.6K
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

59
Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
59
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

11.1K
Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
11.1K
Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion01:08

Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion

12.0K
Exocrine glands are those that release their secretions through ducts. Based on their mode of secretion, they can be classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Merocrine Secretion
Merocrine secretion is the most common type of exocrine secretion. The secretions are enclosed in vesicles and moved to the cell's apical surface, where the contents are released by exocytosis. For example, mucous, a watery secretion rich in the glycoprotein mucin, is a merocrine secretion. The eccrine...
12.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Spatial transcriptomics identifies the <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> major outer membrane protein OprF as a critical factor in blinding corneal infections.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The Hippo kinases MST1/2 integrate sterile and infectious signals to regulate macrophage cell death.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2025
Same author

A biofilm-tropic <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> bacteriophage uses the exopolysaccharide Psl as receptor.

eLife·2025
Same author

Cleavage of the Hippo kinases and programmed cell death in murine macrophages exposed to sterile stimuli and bacterial pathogens.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

The <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> T3SS can contribute to traversal of an <i>in situ</i> epithelial multilayer independently of the T3SS needle.

mBio·2025
Same author

The <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> T3SS can contribute to traversal of an <i>in situ</i> epithelial multilayer independently of the T3SS needle.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition
08:45

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Published on: March 20, 2013

16.3K

Fueling type III secretion.

Pei-Chung Lee1, Arne Rietsch2

  • 1Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|February 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) use proton motive force (pmf) for bacterial protein export. While pmf is the main energy source, the exact mechanism of protein translocation remains unclear.

Keywords:
ATPaseT3SSflagellumneedle complexproton motive force

More Related Videos

High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability
09:05

High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability

Published on: November 21, 2014

16.2K
Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth
08:36

Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth

Published on: May 31, 2024

1.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition
08:45

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Published on: March 20, 2013

16.3K
High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability
09:05

High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability

Published on: November 21, 2014

16.2K
Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth
08:36

Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth

Published on: May 31, 2024

1.0K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are essential bacterial nanomachines.
  • T3SSs are crucial for flagellum assembly and pathogen virulence, injecting effector proteins into host cells.
  • The energy source and mechanism for T3SS-mediated protein export are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss existing models for T3SS energization.
  • To highlight recent evidence regarding the primary energy source for type III secretion.
  • To identify remaining questions about the mechanism of protein export.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on T3SS.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence supporting different energization models.
  • Discussion of the relative merits of proposed mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The proton motive force (pmf) is strongly suggested as the primary energy source for T3SS.
  • Contribution of secreted protein refolding to energization cannot be entirely excluded.
  • The precise conversion of pmf to protein export remains an open question.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence favors pmf as the main driver of type III secretion.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the enigmatic mechanism of pmf-driven protein translocation.
  • Understanding T3SS energization is critical for developing strategies against bacterial pathogens.