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Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Low-Cost, Volume-Controlled Dipstick Urinalysis for Home-Testing
Published on: May 8, 2021
Establishment and development of the personalized criteria for microscopic review following multiple automated
1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Background:
This study intends to develop the microscopic review criteria for automated urine chemistry analyzer and integrated urine chemistry and formed-element analyzer.
Methods:
A total of 1058 samples were analyzed using chemistry analyzer (Siemens Atlas) for proteins (PRO), blood (BLD) and WBC. Cast, RBC and WBC were analyzed using 4 different instruments, IRIS IQ200, AVE-766, US 2026, and Sysmex UF-1000i. A phase-contrast microscopy was used as reference to evaluate false-negative rate (FNR) and review rate (RR).
Results:
The optimized review criteria for Atlas were either PRO 2+, or BLD 2+, or WBC 2+, or specimen from nephrology department. FNR was 4.65% and RR was 40.41%. The optimized criteria for integrated Atlas and IQ200, or AVE-766 or US 2026 or UF-1000i were either BLD≥2+ (>2+ for females), or RBC count ≥ 2 times reference range, or different WBC results between chemistry and formed-element analysis, or PRO ≥ 2+ or CAST>the reference range. One additional rule for integrated Atlas and UF-1000i was different results between BLD and RBC counts. FNR was 1.94%, 2.03%, 1.74%, 1.65%, and RR was 41.09%, 40.12%, 44.86%, 50.39%, respectively.
Conclusions:
These specific review criteria ensured a low missed-diagnosis rate and a reasonable workload in practice.
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