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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
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Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

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Animal and human influenzas.

M Peiris, H-L Yen

    Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
    |February 25, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Influenza type A viruses pose a significant threat to both human and animal health, necessitating a One Health approach. Coordinated surveillance and collaboration are crucial for pandemic preparedness and prevention at the source.

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medicine
    • Public Health
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Influenza type A viruses are zoonotic, capable of crossing species barriers and causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic losses.
    • Adaptation in domestic animals can lead to highly pathogenic strains, while novel strains pose pandemic threats.
    • Factors such as global travel, trade, and animal husbandry practices increase the risk of novel influenza emergence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the importance of a One Health approach in confronting the threat of influenza in humans and animals.
    • To emphasize the need for coordinated surveillance and action at the animal-human interface for pandemic preparedness.
    • To address the challenges and requirements for successful implementation of One Health strategies.

    Main Methods:

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    • Review of existing literature on influenza A virus transmission and adaptation.
    • Analysis of factors contributing to the emergence of novel influenza viruses.
    • Discussion of the principles and challenges of implementing a One Health approach.

    Main Results:

    • Influenza A viruses readily cross species barriers, with potential for adaptation into highly pathogenic forms.
    • Zoonotic influenza strains can emerge from animal reservoirs, posing pandemic risks.
    • Global interconnectedness facilitates rapid spread of novel influenza viruses.

    Conclusions:

    • A coordinated One Health approach involving human and animal health practitioners, and environmental scientists is essential for influenza surveillance, risk assessment, and prevention.
    • Effective implementation requires overcoming divergent objectives through mutual trust and understanding.
    • Long-term success must balance pandemic preparedness with agricultural production and food security.