Accumulation and biotransformation of vanadium in Opuntia microdasys

The accumulation and biotransformation of vanadium (V) in Opuntia microdasys were investigated under hydroponic conditions to determine the toxicity of pentavalent V [i.e., V(V)] to the plant and the mechanism of tolerance by the plant to V. Results showed that the concentration of V(V) in nutrient solution was negatively correlated to plant biomass. Moreover, the water content of cladodes decreased under V(V) stress. In V(V)-treated plants, most of the adsorbed V remained in the roots and in the cell wall compartment. In the cladodes, the ratios of V(V) to Vtotal were lower in V(V)-treated plants than those in the control plants. These results indicate that a high concentration of V(V) is toxic to O. microdasys but that the plants may limit this toxicity through the compartmentalization of V in the cell wall and the biotransformation of V from V(V) to tetravalent V [i.e., V(IV)].