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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Overview of Valence Bond Theory
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Molecular Shapes01:18

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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions
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Structural and bonding patterns in gold clusters.

D Michael P Mingos1

  • 1Inorganic Chemistry laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK. michael.mingos@seh.ox.ac.uk.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|February 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Gold cluster compounds, including phosphine and organothiolato types, are unified by a new theoretical model. This model explains their structures and closed shell requirements, reconciling previous distinctions between cluster classes.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The study of gold cluster compounds began in the 1960s with tertiaryphosphine derivatives.
  • Significant advancements occurred between 1970 and 2000, defining structural classes and developing theoretical models.
  • The 21st century saw expansion with organothiolato-gold clusters, revealing novel metallo-organothiolato-ligands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural diversity of gold cluster compounds.
  • To propose a unified theoretical model for phosphine and organothiolato gold clusters.
  • To reconcile apparent differences between these two classes of gold clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies to define structural classes.
  • Development of a theoretical model based on topological features and closed shell requirements.
  • Application of the united atom model and compression coordinate for structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identification of major structural classes for gold clusters.
  • Development of a flexible theoretical model for heteronuclear clusters.
  • Discovery of metallo-organothiolato-ligands stabilizing gold cores in organothiolato clusters.
  • Reconciliation of structural and theoretical differences between phosphine and organothiolato clusters.

Conclusions:

  • A unified theoretical model effectively integrates the structural properties of phosphine and organothiolato gold clusters.
  • The model, based on the united atom model, accurately predicts closed shell requirements consistent with structural data.
  • Recent developments have harmonized the understanding of previously distinct gold cluster compound classes.