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Related Concept Videos

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction01:05

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction

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It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a...
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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
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Divergence and Curl01:15

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The divergence of a vector field at a point is the net outward flow of the flux out of a small volume through a closed surface enclosing the volume, as the volume tends to zero. More practically, divergence measures how much a vector field spreads out or diverges from a given point. For an outgoing flux, conventionally, the divergence is positive. The diverging point is often called the "source" of the field. Meanwhile, the negative divergence of a vector field at a point means that the vector...
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Elastic Collisions: Introduction01:00

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An elastic collision is one that conserves both internal kinetic energy and momentum. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic, as some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. An example of a nearly...
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Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

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The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
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Big Bang and context-driven collapse.

Mark Robertson-Tessi1, Alexander R A Anderson1

  • 1Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.

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Colorectal cancers develop key mutations early. Later mutations, even beneficial ones, rarely dominate the tumor, impacting cancer progression and treatment failure.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Tumor heterogeneity is a major driver of cancer progression and treatment resistance.
  • The timing and origin of cancer-driving mutations remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental timing of dominant mutation acquisition in colorectal cancer.
  • To understand the impact of subsequent mutations on tumor evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of colorectal cancer genomes.
  • Computational modeling of tumor evolution.

Main Results:

  • Colorectal tumors acquire their primary, dominant mutations early in their development.
  • Subsequent mutations, even those conferring a fitness advantage, are unlikely to replace established early mutations.
  • This suggests a critical window for early genetic events in shaping tumor trajectory.

Conclusions:

  • The early acquisition of dominant mutations significantly constrains subsequent tumor evolution in colorectal cancer.
  • Understanding the timing of mutation emergence is crucial for developing effective cancer therapies targeting heterogeneity.