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Primary tumor location as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer
Fotios Loupakis1, Dongyun Yang1, Linda Yau1
1University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (FL, DY, WZ, HJL); U.O. Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Pisa, Italy (FL, CC, CA, AF); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA (LY, SF, CL, SJS, TM); Department of General, Visceral, and Tumor Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MKHM); Response Genetics, Inc., Los Angeles, CA (MKHM); Department of Medical Oncology and Transplantation, Duke University, Durham, NC (HIH); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (LS) Current Affiliations: Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. South San Francisco, CA (SF); Biocenter, Physiological Chemistry 1, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (SJS); Biomarker, Translational and Predictive Medicine Consulting, San Francisco, CA (TM).
Background:
We sought to clarify the prognostic impact of primary tumor location in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
Methods:
We evaluated the association between tumor location and survival parameters in patients with previously untreated mCRC receiving first-line chemotherapy ± bevacizumab in three independent cohorts: a prospective pharmacogenetic study (PROVETTA) and two randomized phase III trials, AVF2107g and NO16966. Cancers proximal or distal of the splenic flexure were classified as right-sided or left-sided, respectively. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results:
Among evaluable patients in the PROVETTA (n = 200), AVF2107g (n = 559), and NO16966 (n = 1268) studies, 72.0%, 63.1%, and 73.7% had left-sided tumors, respectively. In PROVETTA, patients with left-sided tumors had superior OS (left-sided vs right-sided: hazard ratio [HR] = .44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .28 to .70, P < .001) and progression-free survival (HR = .52, 95% CI = .36 to .75, P < .001) outcomes. Multivariable analyses confirmed right-sided location as a negative prognostic variable, independent of mucinous histology and BRAF mutational status. Data from the AVF2107g (HR for OS = .55, 95% CI = .43 to .70) and NO16966 trials (HR for OS = .71, 95% CI = .62 to .82 both P < .001) also showed favorable outcomes in patients with left-sided tumors. In both randomized studies, the efficacy of bevacizumab was independent of tumor location.
Conclusions:
These data demonstrate that primary tumor location is an important prognostic factor in previously untreated mCRC. Given the consistency across an exploratory set and two confirmatory phase III studies, side of tumor origin should be considered for stratification in randomized trials.
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