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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

63
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

77.0K
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

17.2K
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
17.2K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.9K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Hepatitis B virus large surface protein: function and fame.

Yuri Churin1, Martin Roderfeld1, Elke Roeb1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.

Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes liver disease. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is key to viral entry and immune response, guiding new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress)hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)immune responsesodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a primary cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally.
  • The large HBV surface protein (LHBs) mediates viral attachment to hepatocytes, initiating infection.
  • Sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is identified as a crucial HBV receptor, offering a target for entry inhibition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted pathological roles of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in HBV infection.
  • To highlight HBsAg's significance in viral entry, immune modulation, and disease development.
  • To inform the design of novel therapeutic strategies targeting HBsAg's biological implications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum HBsAg levels as a non-invasive diagnostic parameter.
  • Review of observations in immune-suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B.
  • Examination of transgenic mouse models of HBV infection.

Main Results:

  • Serum HBsAg levels serve as a valuable non-invasive diagnostic marker for improving HBV treatment.
  • HBsAg plays a critical role in manipulating the host immune response during HBV infection.
  • Cellular mechanisms induced by HBV, independent of adaptive immunity, can contribute to liver disease development.

Conclusions:

  • The identification of NTCP as an HBV receptor provides a target for viral entry inhibitors.
  • Understanding HBsAg's complex roles is essential for developing new therapies.
  • Targeting HBsAg's pathological functions offers promising avenues for managing chronic HBV infection and its complications.