Resampling (bootstrapping) the mean: A definite do
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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing the Study of Brain-Heart Interplay with a Comprehensive EEGLAB Plugin for Multimodal Signal Analysis
Published on: April 26, 2024
J Peter Rosenfeld1, Emanuel Donchin2
1Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
Abstract:
There has been discussion lately about whether bootstrap versus permutations methods are the more appropriate in diagnostic psychophysiology, especially in the context of concealed information tests (CITs), also called guilty knowledge tests (GKTs). We review the use of bootstrapping in most published CIT/GKT studies (where means, or correlations, as opposed to peak amplitudes are estimated) and find them valid and reliable. When bootstrapping and permutations were applied to the same synthesized ERP datasets, they agreed 98.1% of the time, averaged over 24,000 iterations.
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