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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Published on: June 14, 2014
Gene expression, chromosome heterogeneity and the fast-X effect in mammals
Linh-Phuong Nguyen1, Nicolas Galtier1, Benoit Nabholz2
1Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CC64, Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 5 34095, France.
Abstract:
The higher rate of non-synonymous over synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) of the X chromosome compared with autosomes is often interpreted as a consequence of X hemizygosity. However, other factors, such as gene expression, are also known to vary between X and autosomes. Analysing 4800 orthologues in six mammals, we found that gene expression levels, associated with GC content, fully account for the variation in dN/dS between X and autosomes with no detectable effect of hemizygosity. We also report an extensive variance in dN/dS and gene expression between autosomes.
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