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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Epigenetic regulation in stem cell development, cell fate conversion, and reprogramming.

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    This study explores stem cell biology, focusing on cell fate decisions and epigenetic regulations. It reviews methods for creating stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and direct cell reprogramming.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Epigenetics
    • Developmental Biology

    Background:

    • Stem cells are traditionally identified via in vivo assays and characterized by marker analysis and differentiation.
    • In vitro derivation of stem cell lines from various tissues offers insights into stem cell plasticity and differentiation.
    • Recent advances in cell fate manipulation have revolutionized stem cell biology, enabling the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an overview of cell fate decisions in stem cell biology.
    • To examine the gene and epigenetic regulations associated with differentiation and de-differentiation.
    • To discuss novel methods of cell reprogramming and conversion.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of classical stem cell identification techniques (in vivo transplantation, marker analysis, lineage tracing).
    • Analysis of in vitro stem cell derivation from adult tissues, ICM, epiblast, and germ cells.
    • Examination of reprogramming strategies using transcription factors (e.g., iPSCs) and direct cell conversion via transcription factors and microRNAs.

    Main Results:

    • Stem cell lines can be derived in vitro, offering insights into stem cell properties.
    • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) demonstrate the power of transcription factor manipulation in cell fate control.
    • Direct cell conversion bypasses the stem/progenitor state, highlighting unknown molecular cues.

    Conclusions:

    • Cell fate decisions are intrinsically linked to epigenetic modifications.
    • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cell reprogramming and conversion is crucial.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the cues guiding cell fate changes and epigenetic regulations.