[Progress in nanobody and its application in diagnosis].

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology
• Immunology
• Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

• Nanobodies are variable domain fragments of heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) naturally found in Camelidae.
• They are the smallest antigen-binding antibody fragments, possessing advantageous properties like high solubility, stability, and nanomolar affinities.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent findings on nanobody applications in molecular diagnostics.
• To identify and suggest strategies for overcoming practical challenges in nanobody development and application.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on nanobody generation, engineering, and application in diagnostics.
• Analysis of challenges including phage library construction, affinity selection, and immunogold labeling.

Main Results:

• Nanobodies exhibit extensive application prospects in diagnosis and detection due to their unique characteristics.
• Despite successes, challenges in library construction, affinity selection, and labeling techniques limit broader application.

Conclusions:

• Nanobodies offer significant potential for molecular diagnostics and disease detection.
• Optimizing nanobody affinity, solubility, and humanization, alongside addressing technical challenges, is crucial for broader clinical adoption.