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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
However, failure of such a system...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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In vivo reprogramming for tissue repair.

Christophe Heinrich1, Francesca M Spagnoli2, Benedikt Berninger3

  • 1INSERM U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

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In vivo lineage reprogramming converts cells to replace lost pancreatic beta-cells and neurons. Overcoming challenges is key for translating this regenerative medicine strategy into therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative medicine
  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Vital organs like the pancreas and brain have limited natural regenerative capabilities.
  • Loss of pancreatic beta-cells and neurons leads to diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • In vivo lineage reprogramming offers a novel approach to regenerate these vital cell types within the body.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in in vivo lineage reprogramming for pancreatic beta-cell and neuron regeneration.
  • To identify and discuss the critical challenges hindering the clinical application of this technology.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of recent scientific literature and breakthroughs.
  • Analysis of strategies for converting resident cells into desired cell types.
  • Identification of obstacles for therapeutic translation.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in reprogramming various cell types into functional pancreatic beta-cells and neurons in vivo.
  • Demonstration of the potential for in vivo lineage reprogramming to restore lost cell populations.

Conclusions:

  • In vivo lineage reprogramming is a promising strategy for regenerating pancreatic beta-cells and neurons.
  • Further research is essential to address fundamental challenges for successful clinical translation and therapeutic application.