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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species
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Huntingtin facilitates selective autophagy.

Amir Gelman1, Moran Rawet-Slobodkin1, Zvulun Elazar1

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.

Nature Cell Biology
|February 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Huntingtin protein regulates selective autophagy, a key cellular process. This finding offers new insights into cellular homeostasis and Huntington disease mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Selective autophagy is crucial for cellular homeostasis.
  • Mutated huntingtin protein is linked to Huntington disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of huntingtin protein in selective autophagy.

Main Methods:

  • The study utilized biochemical assays and cellular imaging techniques.
  • Investigated the interaction of huntingtin with autophagy machinery.

Main Results:

  • Huntingtin acts as a scaffold protein.
  • It couples autophagy induction with selective cargo recruitment into autophagosomes.

Conclusions:

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Generation of Native, Untagged Huntingtin Exon1 Monomer and Fibrils Using a SUMO Fusion Strategy
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  • Huntingtin plays a direct role in the selective autophagy pathway.
  • This mechanism may be relevant to Huntington disease pathogenesis.