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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

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Deafness in cochlear and auditory nerve disorders.

Kathryn Hopkins1

  • 1School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|March 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sensorineural hearing loss, the most common impairment, results from cochlear or auditory nerve damage. While often incurable, treatments like hearing aids and cochlear implants aim to restore sound audibility.

Keywords:
auditory nervecochleacochlear implantsdeafnesshearing aidshearing lossinner hair cellsouter hair cellsstria vascularis

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Audiology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the predominant form of hearing impairment globally.
  • It stems from damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve, affecting multiple structures.
  • Causes include genetic factors, noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, and hypoxia, with prevalence increasing with age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of sensorineural hearing loss.
  • To discuss the causes, diagnosis, perceptual consequences, and current treatment strategies for SNHL.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sensorineural hearing loss.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods, including threshold measurements.
  • Examination of the impact of SNHL on auditory perception.

Main Results:

  • SNHL leads to reduced sensitivity to sound and adverse perceptual effects like loudness recruitment and impaired speech understanding, especially in noise.
  • Diagnosis typically involves comparing hearing detection thresholds to normative data.
  • The condition is generally irreversible, with management focused on audibility restoration.

Conclusions:

  • Sensorineural hearing loss is a widespread condition with diverse etiologies and significant perceptual impacts.
  • Current treatments focus on mitigating the effects of hearing loss rather than a cure.
  • Further research may explore novel therapeutic approaches for SNHL.