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Tuberculosis origin: The Neolithic scenario.

Israel Hershkovitz1, Helen D Donoghue2, David E Minnikin3

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, existed in the Levant over 8000 years ago. Ancient DNA and biomarkers confirm its presence in human and cattle bones from Atlit-Yam.

Keywords:
Ancient DNANeolithicOrigin of tuberculosisPaleopathology

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Area of Science:

  • Paleomicrobiology
  • Ancient DNA analysis
  • Tuberculosis research

Background:

  • The evolutionary history and geographical origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) remained unclear.
  • Previous genomic data suggested Mycobacterium tuberculosis is more ancestral than Mycobacterium bovis.
  • Understanding the ancient timeline of tuberculosis is crucial for public health and evolutionary studies.

Observation:

  • Human and cattle bone samples from Atlit-Yam (Eastern Mediterranean) were analyzed.
  • The site dates to the Pre-pottery Neolithic C period (9250–8160 calibrated years ago).
  • Rigorous protocols were employed to prevent contamination during DNA analysis.

Findings:

  • DNA from five Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic loci was detected in the bone samples.
  • The detected DNA showed characteristics of extant genetic lineages.
  • Mycolic acid lipid biomarkers specific to the MTBC were identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
  • Pathological changes consistent with tuberculosis were observed in some bones.

Implications:

  • This study provides direct evidence of tuberculosis in the Levant over 8000 years ago.
  • It confirms the presence of the disease in both human and bovine populations during the Pre-pottery Neolithic.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the ancient epidemiology and co-evolution of tuberculosis with its hosts.