Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

8.0K
In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
8.0K
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

19.9K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
19.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Should reference beam data be used for beam modeling during linear accelerator commissioning?

Medical physics·2026
Same author

Pulse‑level characterization of low monitor unit deliveries on a modern linear accelerator using a plastic scintillation detector.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same author

In Regard to Das et al.

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics·2026
Same author

Monte Carlo modeling and phantom studies show Cherenkov emission per unit dose during total skin electron therapy is a function of tissue optical properties.

Medical physics·2026
Same author

3D Reactive Oxygen Species Dosimetry in Pleural Photodynamic Therapy: Integration of Macroscopic Kinetic Modeling and Deformable Registration.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Quantitative phantom-based comparison of commercial CT metal artifact reduction algorithms.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same journal

Proton RBE for in vivo model systems: LET and dose dependencies for early and late biological endpoints.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026
Same journal

AI-augmented thyroid scintigraphy for robust classification of disease.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026
Same journal

Updating national diagnostic reference levels for adult cardiac interventional procedures in Switzerland.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026
Same journal

Adoption of AI-driven automation and adaptive radiotherapy in clinical practice: results from a national survey.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026
Same journal

Sivan Unit (SU) for standardization of voxel intensity in CBCT: A multi-vendor, multi-centric validation study.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026
Same journal

VIT-MBRT, a GPU accelerated Monte Carlo tool for investigations on preclinical minibeam radiation therapy.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
08:31

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments

Published on: June 27, 2022

2.5K

Parameterization of electron beam output factor.

Yuichi Akino1, Timothy C Zhu2, Indra J Das1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 535 Barnhill Drive RT 041, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|March 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new single equation accurately predicts electron beam relative output factors (ROF) for radiotherapy. This simplifies monitor unit (MU) calculations and aids in the independent verification of treatment plans.

Keywords:
ElectronOutput factorParameterization

More Related Videos

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells
10:16

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Published on: August 20, 2019

14.6K
Preparing a Celadonite Electron Source and Estimating Its Brightness
09:14

Preparing a Celadonite Electron Source and Estimating Its Brightness

Published on: November 5, 2019

4.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
08:31

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments

Published on: June 27, 2022

2.5K
X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells
10:16

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Published on: August 20, 2019

14.6K
Preparing a Celadonite Electron Source and Estimating Its Brightness
09:14

Preparing a Celadonite Electron Source and Estimating Its Brightness

Published on: November 5, 2019

4.9K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Physics

Background:

  • Accurate electron beam dose calculation is crucial in radiotherapy.
  • Monte Carlo algorithms offer precision but require independent verification of monitor units (MUs).
  • A simplified method for checking MUs in electron beam therapy is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a single, accurate equation for calculating relative output factors (ROF) for electron beams.
  • To provide a tool for the independent verification of monitor units (MUs) in electron radiotherapy.
  • To simplify the process of MU calculation for clinical use.

Main Methods:

  • Measured ROF for electron beams (6-15 MeV) from Varian and Siemens accelerators using a diode detector in a water phantom.
  • Applied curve fitting using a generalized exponential equation: ROF = α(β - e(-γR)).
  • Correlated measured ROF with calculated values, analyzing fitting parameters (α, β, γ) as functions of field radius and electron energy.

Main Results:

  • Achieved correlation coefficients greater than 0.998 between measured and calculated ROF.
  • Developed a formula where parameters α and β were averaged, and γ approximated quadratically with mean energy (E0).
  • Calculated ROF values showed differences within ±3% of measured values for cutout radii ≥ 1.5 cm.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed single equation accurately reproduces measured ROF for electron beams.
  • This formula offers a simplified and reliable method for the independent double-check of MUs in electron radiotherapy.
  • The equation requires minimal effort for MU calculation, enhancing clinical workflow efficiency.