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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Virtual Agent for Real-Time Motivational Interviewing by Integrating Adaptive Nonverbal Behavior and Language Models
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Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation.

Nicola Lindson-Hawley1, Tom P Thompson, Rachna Begh

  • 1Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK, OX2 6GG.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|March 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Motivational interviewing (MI) may help individuals quit smoking. This meta-analysis of 28 studies found MI significantly increased smoking cessation rates compared to usual care.

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Public Health
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered counseling approach designed to help individuals resolve ambivalence about behavior change.
  • Originally developed for alcohol abuse, MI shows potential for aiding smoking cessation efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in promoting smoking cessation.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of MI for smoking cessation.
  • Data from 28 RCTs involving over 16,000 participants were meta-analyzed, with smoking abstinence assessed at six months follow-up.
  • Biochemically validated abstinence rates were prioritized, and participants lost to follow-up were considered relapsed.

Main Results:

  • Motivational interviewing (MI) demonstrated a modest but statistically significant increase in smoking cessation rates (RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.36).
  • MI delivered by primary care physicians showed a higher efficacy (RR 3.49), while counselor-delivered MI also yielded significant results (RR 1.25).
  • Shorter MI sessions (under 20 minutes) were associated with higher quit rates (RR 1.69), and single-session treatments showed promise.

Conclusions:

  • Motivational interviewing (MI) appears to be an effective intervention for assisting individuals in quitting smoking.
  • Results should be interpreted cautiously due to heterogeneity in study quality, treatment fidelity, and potential biases.