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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Methodology for the Efficient Generation of Fluorescently Tagged Vaccinia Virus Proteins
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Methodology for the Efficient Generation of Fluorescently Tagged Vaccinia Virus Proteins

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Poxvirus membrane biogenesis.

Bernard Moss1

  • 1Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.

Virology
|March 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poxviruses form new membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Studies of vaccinia virus mutants reveal direct connections between viral crescents and the ER, confirming a cellular origin for these membranes.

Keywords:
Endoplasmic reticulumVaccinia virusViral membrane proteinsVirus morphogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm, unlike most DNA viruses.
  • Early viral structures include crescents and immature virions with a unique membrane.
  • The origin of the poxvirus membrane was previously unclear, with a de novo synthesis suggested.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin of the poxvirus membrane.
  • To provide direct evidence for the cellular source of poxvirus membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the abortive replication of vaccinia virus null mutants.
  • Utilized novel imaging techniques to visualize viral structures and their relationship with cellular organelles.

Main Results:

  • Observed direct continuity between viral crescents and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
  • Found accumulation of immature virions within the expanded ER lumen.
  • Provided the first direct evidence for a cellular origin of the poxvirus membrane.

Conclusions:

  • The poxvirus membrane originates from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
  • This finding resolves a long-standing question in poxvirus biogenesis.
  • Viral replication and membrane formation are linked to cellular membrane trafficking pathways.