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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

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Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Types of Toxins01:36

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Related Experiment Video

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Analysis of Iophenoxic Acid Analogues in Small Indian Mongoose Herpestes Auropunctatus Sera for Use as an Oral Rabies Vaccination Biological Marker
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Common questions in veterinary toxicology.

N Bates1, P Rawson-Harris, N Edwards

  • 1Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS), Medical Toxicology and Information Services, London SE1 9RY.

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|March 3, 2015
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Summary

This review addresses common animal poisoning questions, covering treatments like emetics and activated charcoal. It also details toxic doses of common substances and specific antidotes for various toxicities in pets.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Toxicology
  • Small Animal Medicine
  • Toxicology and Pharmacology

Background:

  • Animals encounter a wide range of potential poisons including drugs, household items, plants, chemicals, pesticides, and venomous creatures.
  • Individual responses to toxins and, crucially, species-specific differences in toxicity are significant factors in animal poisoning cases.
  • Veterinary professionals frequently encounter questions regarding the management and outcomes of animal poisonings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide evidence-based answers to common inquiries encountered in veterinary toxicology.
  • To review the efficacy and application of various treatment modalities for animal poisoning.
  • To clarify the toxicity of specific substances and the appropriate use of antidotes in animal patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review to gather evidence on animal toxicology and poisoning management.
  • Discussion of established and emerging treatment protocols, including emetics, activated charcoal, and lipid infusion.
  • Analysis of toxicological data for specific substances like chocolate, grapes, dried fruits, paracetamol, and ethylene glycol in dogs.

Main Results:

  • The review evaluates the role of emetics, activated charcoal, and lipid infusion in managing animal poisonings.
  • It details the toxic doses of chocolate, grapes, and dried fruits for dogs.
  • Information on antidotal therapy for paracetamol poisoning, timing for ethylene glycol toxicosis treatment, and lily toxicity in dogs is presented.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of animal poisoning requires understanding species differences and individual responses.
  • Specific treatments and antidotes are crucial for mitigating the effects of various toxic exposures in animals.
  • This review provides a valuable resource for veterinarians dealing with common poisoning scenarios in animal patients.