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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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A trefoil knotted polymer produced through ring expansion.

Peng-Fei Cao1, Joey Mangadlao, Rigoberto Advincula

  • 1Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 (USA).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method to create trefoil knotted polymers using a copper(I)-templated precursor. This advancement offers novel polymer architectures with unique properties, expanding the possibilities in polymer science.

Keywords:
copper(I)knotted polymersring expansionsupramolecular chemistrytemplated complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Knotting polymers into complex topologies like trefoils presents synthetic challenges.
  • Understanding the structure-property relationships of topological polymers is crucial for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel synthetic strategy for producing trefoil knotted polymers.
  • To demonstrate the formation and characterization of these unique polymer architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a copper(I)-templated helical knot precursor.
  • Employing a ring expansion strategy for knot formation.
  • Characterizing the resulting polymer using atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a trefoil knotted polymer.
  • Confirmation of knot formation through property analysis (reduced hydrodynamic radius, lower intrinsic viscosity).
  • AFM imaging provided visual evidence of individual molecular knots.

Conclusions:

  • A viable synthetic route to trefoil knotted polymers has been established.
  • The developed strategy allows for the creation of polymers with distinct architectures.
  • This work contributes to expanding the diversity of available polymer structures for future applications.