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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

[Thyroid carcinoma diagnosed by pathology during surgery].

Haruya Koshiishi¹, Takuya Nakata, Ken Imaizumi

¹Dept. of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hopital.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy

|March 4, 2015

Summary

Frozen section analysis during surgery accurately diagnosed thyroid cancer in 4 resected cases. This method proved more effective than preoperative imaging and cytology for guiding surgical decisions in thyroid tumors.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

Pathology
Oncology
Surgical Oncology

Context:

Distinguishing between malignant and benign thyroid nodules preoperatively can be challenging.
Accurate intraoperative diagnosis is crucial for determining appropriate surgical management of thyroid lesions.

Purpose:

To evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative frozen section pathological diagnosis for thyroid carcinoma compared to preoperative methods.
To assess the effectiveness of frozen section analysis in guiding surgical decisions for thyroidectomy.

Summary:

This study compared intraoperative frozen section diagnoses with preoperative imaging and cytology in 10 thyroidectomy cases (4 malignant, 6 benign).
Frozen section analysis demonstrated high accuracy (sensitivity 100%, specificity 83.3%) for thyroid carcinoma.
Pathological diagnosis via frozen section proved superior to preoperative assessments in guiding operative method selection.

Impact:

Intraoperative frozen section diagnosis enhances surgical decision-making for thyroid cancer.
Improved diagnostic accuracy can lead to more precise and effective surgical interventions for thyroid nodules.
This study highlights the critical role of pathology in real-time surgical guidance for thyroid neoplasms.