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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

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Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
379
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
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Acetaminophen: old drug, new issues.

Anita Aminoshariae1, Asma Khan2

  • 1Department of Endodontics, Case School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.

Journal of Endodontics
|March 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acetaminophen (APAP) use has new safety concerns, including potential neurodevelopmental issues and hormone disruption, especially during pregnancy. Indiscriminate use is not advised due to emerging risks.

Keywords:
Acetaminophenmechanism of actionparacetamolreviewside effects

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic.
  • Recent concerns have arisen regarding its safety profile.
  • New data impacts understanding of its effects and risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging safety issues associated with acetaminophen.
  • To discuss updated information on labeling, dosing, and analgesic mechanisms.
  • To evaluate risks, particularly concerning prenatal exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of major biomedical databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed).
  • Manual search of bibliographies of relevant articles and textbooks.
  • Independent article selection by two reviewers.

Main Results:

  • FDA mandated new labeling for acetaminophen due to overdose and liver failure concerns.
  • Epidemiologic studies link prenatal acetaminophen exposure to neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders.
  • Emerging evidence suggests acetaminophen acts as a hormone disruptor, affecting sex and thyroid hormones, and may not be safe during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

  • Indiscriminate use of acetaminophen is not supported by current evidence.
  • Administration of acetaminophen to pregnant patients requires significant caution.
  • Further research into acetaminophen's safety and mechanisms is warranted.