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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Prolactinomas.

Andrea Glezer1, Marcello D Bronstein1

  • 1Neuroendocrine Unit, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology LIM-25, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, São Paulo CEP 05403-000, Brazil.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|March 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia is key for effective treatment. Dopamine agonists are highly effective for prolactinomas, with surgery and novel agents like temozolomide reserved for resistant cases.

Keywords:
Dopaminergic agonistsHyperprolactinemiaHypogonadotropic hypogonadismInfertilityPituitary tumorsProlactinProlactinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Hyperprolactinemia necessitates accurate etiological diagnosis for optimal management.
  • Prolactinoma represents the most frequent pathological cause of hyperprolactinemia.
  • Effective treatment strategies are essential for managing prolactinomas and their associated symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging treatment modalities for prolactinomas.
  • To highlight the efficacy of dopamine agonists and alternative therapies.
  • To provide an overview of management options for resistant or intolerant cases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma treatment.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and side effect profiles of various therapeutic approaches.
  • Discussion of surgical and pharmacological interventions.

Main Results:

  • Dopamine agonists achieve significant prolactin level reduction and tumor shrinkage in 80-90% of patients.
  • Transsphenoidal surgery is a primary option for dopamine agonist-resistant or intolerant patients.
  • Temozolomide demonstrates efficacy in aggressive and resistant prolactinomas; tyrosine kinase inhibitors are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment for most prolactinomas.
  • Neurosurgery and novel agents like temozolomide offer valuable alternatives for refractory cases.
  • Ongoing research into targeted therapies promises improved outcomes for challenging prolactinomas.