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Related Concept Videos

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Bioluminescent Monitoring of Graft Survival in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice
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Toward beta cell replacement for diabetes.

Bjarki Johannesson1, Lina Sui2, Donald O Freytes1

  • 1The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA.

The EMBO Journal
|March 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stem cell-derived beta cells offer a promising source for diabetes research and potential therapies. Overcoming challenges in cell quality, graft stability, and immune protection is crucial for successful beta cell replacement.

Keywords:
beta cellscell replacement therapystem cellstype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Insulin therapy has significantly improved type 1 diabetes care for over 90 years.
  • Current treatments cannot replicate the pancreas's precise glucose regulation.
  • Pancreas and islet transplantation offer cures but have limitations, including immunosuppression requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the use of stem cell-derived beta cells in understanding diabetes.
  • To discuss the challenges in developing beta cell replacement therapies.
  • To explore the potential of autologous stem cell therapies for diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in cell reprogramming and beta cell differentiation.
  • Discussion of stem cell-derived beta cells for mechanistic studies.
  • Analysis of challenges in clinical translation of beta cell therapies.

Main Results:

  • Stem cell technology provides an abundant source of beta cells for research.
  • Significant hurdles exist in quality control, graft stability, and immune evasion.
  • Protecting transplanted cells from autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes is a key challenge.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell-derived beta cells are valuable tools for diabetes research.
  • Developing safe and effective beta cell replacement therapies requires addressing critical challenges.
  • Future therapies must match or surpass the safety and efficacy of current diabetes care.