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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue
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Redefining epilepsy.

Robert S Fisher1

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|March 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) revised the epilepsy definition in 2014. This refined definition includes criteria for diagnosis and remission, improving epilepsy classification.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a conceptual definition of epilepsy in 2005.
  • Previous practical definitions often required at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the refined 2014 definition of epilepsy by the ILAE.
  • To clarify diagnostic criteria and remission conditions for epilepsy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the 2014 ILAE epilepsy definition.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria including seizure frequency, recurrence risk, and epilepsy syndromes.
  • Examination of criteria for epilepsy remission.

Main Results:

  • The 2014 definition expands diagnostic criteria beyond seizure frequency.
  • It incorporates seizure recurrence probability and diagnosis of epilepsy syndromes.
  • Clear criteria for epilepsy remission were established, considering seizure freedom and medication status.

Conclusions:

  • A consensus process has successfully refined the definition of epilepsy.
  • The updated definition provides a more comprehensive framework for epilepsy diagnosis and management.