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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
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How do viruses control mitochondria-mediated apoptosis?

Simon Neumann1, Souhayla El Maadidi1, Laura Faletti1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Germany.

Virus Research
|March 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Viruses manipulate programmed cell death (apoptosis) to replicate and spread. Some viruses inhibit apoptosis, while others induce it to aid dissemination or immune evasion, impacting host cell fate.

Keywords:
ApoptosisBcl-2 familyDeath receptor signalingInnate immune signalingIntrinsic mitochondrial signalingRNA viruses

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Viruses require host cells for replication and propagation.
  • Eukaryotic cells possess defense mechanisms against viral infections, including apoptosis.
  • Apoptosis is a critical cellular response to viral infection, often leading to infected cell elimination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review viral strategies for interfering with host cell apoptosis.
  • To examine how viruses manipulate innate immune signaling pathways.
  • To focus on the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and viral engagement with mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on viral-induced apoptosis.
  • Analysis of viral genes and proteins involved in apoptosis regulation.
  • Discussion of viral interference with intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.

Main Results:

  • Viruses employ diverse strategies to subvert or induce apoptosis for replication and spread.
  • Viral apoptosis modulation is crucial for viral protein production, assembly, and host dissemination.
  • Viruses can inhibit apoptosis to ensure their own lifecycle or induce it for immune evasion and bystander cell killing.

Conclusions:

  • Viral manipulation of apoptosis is a key evolutionary adaptation for viral pathogenesis.
  • Understanding these viral strategies is vital for developing antiviral therapies.
  • Viruses actively engage host cell mitochondria to induce apoptosis, highlighting complex host-pathogen interactions.