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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Total thyroid ablation in Graves' orbitopathy.

F Menconi1, M Leo, P Vitti

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|March 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Total thyroid ablation (TTA) may accelerate improvement in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and reduce the need for further treatments. This approach involves near total thyroidectomy and radioiodine, potentially benefiting patients with moderate GO.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disorder frequently linked to autoimmune thyroid disease, particularly Graves' disease (GD).
  • Shared autoantigens between thyroid and orbital tissues are hypothesized to drive GO pathogenesis.
  • The close association between GO, GD, and thyroid function suggests a common etiological basis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of total thyroid ablation (TTA) in ameliorating Graves' orbitopathy.
  • To assess if TTA, comprising near total thyroidectomy and radioiodine, offers benefits over standard treatments for GO.

Main Methods:

  • Review of retrospective and prospective randomized clinical trials.
  • Comparison of TTA with near total thyroidectomy alone in patients with moderate GO, often co-treated with intravenous glucocorticoids.

Main Results:

  • TTA demonstrated a shorter time to GO improvement or optimal outcome compared to near total thyroidectomy alone.
  • Patients undergoing TTA required fewer additional treatments for GO management.
  • Long-term outcomes showed no significant difference, but TTA expedited recovery and reduced treatment burden.

Conclusions:

  • Total thyroid ablation may accelerate GO symptom resolution and decrease the need for subsequent interventions.
  • The procedure is currently considered for patients already scheduled for thyroidectomy and glucocorticoid therapy.
  • Further discussion is warranted regarding the routine application of TTA for GO management.